Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Cake Baker in Landmark LGBT Case… But Fails to Provide New Guidance

June 4, 2018

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of a baker in Colorado who refused to bake a wedding cake for a same-sex couple based on his Christian beliefs in a 7 to 2 decision issued on June 4.  In  Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v Colorado Civil Rights Commission,  the majority opinion written by Justice Kennedy concluded that the wedding cake baker did not get a fair hearing on his complaint in the state proceedings, and specifically ruled that there was improper bias by the Colorado Civil Rights Commission.  Although the Supreme Court discussed the tension between the two legal rights – the EEO protections for gay persons on the one hand versus the sincerely-held individual religious beliefs on the other hand – the Court did not rule on the ultimate question as to how such conflicts are to be resolved.  Although the ruling fails to provide any new criteria under which there may be an exemption to the general anti-discrimination laws based on an individual’s sincerely held religious views, the Court reaffirmed that the First Amendment’s protections of religious rights also protects individuals during the proceedings for resolving discrimination claims.

The highly anticipated ruling in  Masterpiece Cakeshop  comes after years of litigation.  In 2012, David Mullins and Charlie Craig met with bakery owner Jack Phillips to order a custom wedding cake for their reception.  Phillips refused to make them a cake and indicated that the bakery would not sell wedding cakes to same-sex couples.  Subsequently, Mullins and Craig filed complaints with the Colorado Civil Rights Commission, which enforces the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (CADA) alleging sexual orientation discrimination.  The Commission then determined that the bakery had violated CADA and Phillips appealed.  In 2015, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the Commission’s ruling over Phillips’ arguments that he had a constitutional right to refuse to bake the cake based on his First Amendment rights.  The Supreme Court granted  certiorari  on June 26, 2017.

Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority, emphasized that Phillips was entitled to a neutral decision-maker who would give full and fair consideration to his religious objection.  The Court did not discount the impact and significance of CADA but instead, focused on the importance of providing a fair and neutral forum for resolving the claims.  Justice Kennedy noted that it is unexceptional that the CADA “…can protect gay persons in acquiring products and services on the same terms and conditions that are offered to other members of the public, the law must be applied in a manner that is neutral toward religion.”  The Court concluded that the Commission’s treatment of Phillips’ case violated the state’s duty under the First Amendment not to base laws or regulations on hostility to a religion or religious viewpoint.

In the dissent, Justice Ginsburg emphasized that these circumstances do not evidence hostility to religion of the kind the Court has previously held to signal a free-exercise violation.  Additionally, the dissent argued that any comments signaling any sort of hostility cannot justify reversing the judgment below.

While a victory for the baker in this case, the ruling is fact-intensive and based on narrow and unusual facts. Justice Kennedy recognized the narrowness of the ruling stating that, “[T]he outcome of cases like this in other circumstances must await further elaboration in the courts, all in the context of recognizing that these disputes must be resolved with tolerance, without undue respect to sincere religious beliefs, and without subjecting gay persons to indignities when they seek goods and services in an open market.” Indeed, there already are appeals pending, including one before the Supreme Court from a florist in Washington who has appealed a state ruling that found she violated state law for refusing to provide the wedding flowers for a same-sex couple.  We will stay tuned.

For the full update on the Supreme Court’s ruling, click  here.

February 5, 2026
DEI continues to be a high priority issue for the Trump Administration. Recent actions by multiple federal agencies, signal increased scrutiny of employer DEI programs. In the past week alone, the Administration has taken several significant actions: The EEOC filed a subpoena enforcement action against Nike based on a May 2024 Commissioner’s charge filed by EEOC Chair Andrea Lucas. The subpoena seeks company-wide information dating back to 2018, reflecting a more expansive approach to DEI-related investigation and increased willingness to pursue enforcement in federal court. The Chair of the Federal Trade Commission issued letters to 42 leading law firms warning that participation in the Mansfield Certification program may raise antitrust concerns. EEOC Chair Lucas was copied on the correspondence, highlighting coordinated federal agency attention to diversity-based initiatives. President Trump made additional demands on Harvard concerning its DEI-practices, substantially increasing the monetary demands from $200 million to $1 billion, while signaling the possibility of additional legal action, including potential criminal exposure. Federal funding was suspended for one of the largest infrastructure projects in the U.S., the $16 Billion Hudson Tunnel project, based on minority set aside contracting requirements, prompting litigation. This action, which impacts train services between New York City and New Jersey, underscores the intersection of DEI initiatives and federal funding risks. What should employers do now? In the current enforcement environment, employers should: Continue to assess DEI programs for legal risk. With a full EEOC quorum now in place, increased scrutiny of corporate DEI programs is likely. Although most employers have reviewed their DEI programs and made necessary changes to address legal compliance, the renewed focus on DEI requires ongoing assessment and update of DEI programs. Ensuring that these best practices remain in place and are followed is crucial. Prepare for the possibility of broader EEOC investigations. Recent enforcement activity reflects an increased willingness by the EEOC to pursue company-wide inquiries, often supported by expedited subpoena enforcement in matters that originate as individual discrimination charges filed by white employees and applicants. Evaluate participation in diversity rankings and certifications. Employers should evaluate whether participation in voluntary diversity assessments, ranking programs or other public reporting of diversity results unnecessarily raises the organization's profile and invites heightened scrutiny from the EEOC and other enforcement agencies. Please contact your FortneyScott attorney or email us at info@fortneyscott.com for additional information on how to be prepared and other best practices recommendations.
February 4, 2026
As we move further into 2026, employers should review notable changes to DC employment laws that may impact workplace policies and compliance obligations. Minimum and Living Wage Rates : From January 1, 2026, through June 30, 2026, any DC contract or government assistance recipient receiving $100,000 or more, as well as their subcontractors receiving at least $15,000 for contracts or $50,000 for government assistance, must pay at least the living wage rate of $17.95 per hour. Starting July 1, 2026, both the minimum wage rate and the living wage rate will increase to $18.40 per hour. For tipped employees, the base minimum wage increases to $10.30 per hour on July 1, 2026. Non-Compete Restrictions : Starting January 1, 2026, employers are banned from entering non-compete agreements with employees earning less than $162,164, and with medical specialists earning less than $270,274 Pay Stub Transparency : Starting January 1, 2026, employers must itemize all sources of compensation on employees’ pay stubs, including wages, bonuses, commissions, tips, service charges, etc.
February 3, 2026
In the second year of Trump 2.0, employers must stay alert to EEOC’s shifting priorities. Join FortneyScott attorneys on Tuesday, February 3, 2026 at noon EDT to learn what to expect from EEOC and the key steps employers must take now to ensure compliance with the new EEOC priorities. Key Topics to be Covered Include:  New Commission quorum , and how it will impact EEOC priorities; Current EEOC priorities , including eliminating unlawful DEI, protecting religious liberties, limiting sex discrimination to biological sex and focusing on anti-American discrimination; Notable EEOC enforcement actions , updates, and emerging trends in the Administration’s civil rights enforcement; and, Actionable strategies and key takeaways to ensure compliance with Title VII, the PWFA, etc. This webinar is the first in a three-part series designed for compliance professionals, in-house counsel, HR and inclusion leaders, and other business leaders responsible for labor and employment law compliance.
January 23, 2026
In the second year of Trump 2.0, employers must stay alert to EEOC’s shifting priorities. Join FortneyScott attorneys on Tuesday, February 3, 2026 at noon EDT to learn what to expect from EEOC and the key steps employers must take now to ensure compliance with the new EEOC priorities. Key Topics to be Covered Include: New Commission quorum , and how it will impact EEOC priorities; Current EEOC priorities , including eliminating unlawful DEI, protecting religious liberties, limiting sex discrimination to biological sex and focusing on anti-American discrimination; Notable EEOC enforcement actions, updates, and emerging trends in the Administration’s civil rights enforcement; and, Actionable strategies and key takeaway s to ensure compliance with Title VII, the PWFA, etc. This webinar is the first in a three-part series designed for compliance professionals, in-house counsel, HR and inclusion leaders, and other business leaders responsible for labor and employment law compliance. To register for FortneyScott’s Workplace Legal Compliance training series, please click here .
January 21, 2026
As employers prepare to face the second year of Trump 2.0, FortneyScott is convening a three-month, complimentary training initiative to help clients stay ahead of the curve and confidently navigate the shifting terrain. From February through April of 2026, our Workplace Legal Compliance Series will deliver timely, practical insights through: Monthly Webinars featuring FortneyScott attorneys unpacking the latest developments. DC Insider—Employer Update Podcasts offering candid analysis from Washington insiders. Real-Time Alerts on breaking regulatory changes impacting your business. This exclusive program is tailored to equip employers with the tools they need to strengthen their compliance strategies, mitigate risk, and adapt to the new enforcement priorities taking shape in 2026. Whether you're a federal contractor, a multi-state employer, or simply seeking clarity in a volatile legal environment, FortneyScott’s training series is your go-to resource for substantive updates and actionable guidance . How to Participate : Register now for the FortneyScott Workplace Legal Compliance webinars, podcast notifications and alerts: Register here for all 3 webinars (February 3, March 3 and April 9). Sign Up for notifications of new podcast episodes of DC Insider—Employer Update. Sign Up here to receive Workplace Legal Compliance alerts and updates. If you have an immediate questions or feedback, please contact any of the FortneyScott attorneys or email info@fortneyscott.com .
December 18, 2025
Join FortneyScott attorneys for a complimentary webinar on how employers should prepare for 2026 based on the significant changes in 2025. The Trump Administration begins 2026 with a quorum at the EEOC, new leadership at all the DOL agencies, and the likelihood that the NLRB quorum will be restored soon, so employers should expect aggressive action by all the workforce agencies. This session will provide critical insights into: What to expect from EEOC with its new quorum; An activated DOL, including the new Wage & Hour Division priorities, such as revisions to the Biden-era rules on white collar exemptions and joint employment; new Opinion Letters and compliance tools, how AI is being addressed, and expected developments; Whether OFCCP will survive in 2026, and changes affecting Federal contractors and grant recipients; and Practical steps employers should consider before 2026 begins. This is the final presentation in FortneyScott’s four-part Workplace Legal Compliance Webinar Series 2025, designed for in-house counsel, compliance professionals, HR leaders, and business executives.
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February 5, 2026
DEI continues to be a high priority issue for the Trump Administration. Recent actions by multiple federal agencies, signal increased scrutiny of employer DEI programs. In the past week alone, the Administration has taken several significant actions: The EEOC filed a subpoena enforcement action against Nike based on a May 2024 Commissioner’s charge filed by EEOC Chair Andrea Lucas. The subpoena seeks company-wide information dating back to 2018, reflecting a more expansive approach to DEI-related investigation and increased willingness to pursue enforcement in federal court. The Chair of the Federal Trade Commission issued letters to 42 leading law firms warning that participation in the Mansfield Certification program may raise antitrust concerns. EEOC Chair Lucas was copied on the correspondence, highlighting coordinated federal agency attention to diversity-based initiatives. President Trump made additional demands on Harvard concerning its DEI-practices, substantially increasing the monetary demands from $200 million to $1 billion, while signaling the possibility of additional legal action, including potential criminal exposure. Federal funding was suspended for one of the largest infrastructure projects in the U.S., the $16 Billion Hudson Tunnel project, based on minority set aside contracting requirements, prompting litigation. This action, which impacts train services between New York City and New Jersey, underscores the intersection of DEI initiatives and federal funding risks. What should employers do now? In the current enforcement environment, employers should: Continue to assess DEI programs for legal risk. With a full EEOC quorum now in place, increased scrutiny of corporate DEI programs is likely. Although most employers have reviewed their DEI programs and made necessary changes to address legal compliance, the renewed focus on DEI requires ongoing assessment and update of DEI programs. Ensuring that these best practices remain in place and are followed is crucial. Prepare for the possibility of broader EEOC investigations. Recent enforcement activity reflects an increased willingness by the EEOC to pursue company-wide inquiries, often supported by expedited subpoena enforcement in matters that originate as individual discrimination charges filed by white employees and applicants. Evaluate participation in diversity rankings and certifications. Employers should evaluate whether participation in voluntary diversity assessments, ranking programs or other public reporting of diversity results unnecessarily raises the organization's profile and invites heightened scrutiny from the EEOC and other enforcement agencies. Please contact your FortneyScott attorney or email us at info@fortneyscott.com for additional information on how to be prepared and other best practices recommendations.
February 4, 2026
As we move further into 2026, employers should review notable changes to DC employment laws that may impact workplace policies and compliance obligations. Minimum and Living Wage Rates : From January 1, 2026, through June 30, 2026, any DC contract or government assistance recipient receiving $100,000 or more, as well as their subcontractors receiving at least $15,000 for contracts or $50,000 for government assistance, must pay at least the living wage rate of $17.95 per hour. Starting July 1, 2026, both the minimum wage rate and the living wage rate will increase to $18.40 per hour. For tipped employees, the base minimum wage increases to $10.30 per hour on July 1, 2026. Non-Compete Restrictions : Starting January 1, 2026, employers are banned from entering non-compete agreements with employees earning less than $162,164, and with medical specialists earning less than $270,274 Pay Stub Transparency : Starting January 1, 2026, employers must itemize all sources of compensation on employees’ pay stubs, including wages, bonuses, commissions, tips, service charges, etc.
February 3, 2026
In the second year of Trump 2.0, employers must stay alert to EEOC’s shifting priorities. Join FortneyScott attorneys on Tuesday, February 3, 2026 at noon EDT to learn what to expect from EEOC and the key steps employers must take now to ensure compliance with the new EEOC priorities. Key Topics to be Covered Include:  New Commission quorum , and how it will impact EEOC priorities; Current EEOC priorities , including eliminating unlawful DEI, protecting religious liberties, limiting sex discrimination to biological sex and focusing on anti-American discrimination; Notable EEOC enforcement actions , updates, and emerging trends in the Administration’s civil rights enforcement; and, Actionable strategies and key takeaways to ensure compliance with Title VII, the PWFA, etc. This webinar is the first in a three-part series designed for compliance professionals, in-house counsel, HR and inclusion leaders, and other business leaders responsible for labor and employment law compliance.
January 23, 2026
In the second year of Trump 2.0, employers must stay alert to EEOC’s shifting priorities. Join FortneyScott attorneys on Tuesday, February 3, 2026 at noon EDT to learn what to expect from EEOC and the key steps employers must take now to ensure compliance with the new EEOC priorities. Key Topics to be Covered Include: New Commission quorum , and how it will impact EEOC priorities; Current EEOC priorities , including eliminating unlawful DEI, protecting religious liberties, limiting sex discrimination to biological sex and focusing on anti-American discrimination; Notable EEOC enforcement actions, updates, and emerging trends in the Administration’s civil rights enforcement; and, Actionable strategies and key takeaway s to ensure compliance with Title VII, the PWFA, etc. This webinar is the first in a three-part series designed for compliance professionals, in-house counsel, HR and inclusion leaders, and other business leaders responsible for labor and employment law compliance. To register for FortneyScott’s Workplace Legal Compliance training series, please click here .
January 21, 2026
As employers prepare to face the second year of Trump 2.0, FortneyScott is convening a three-month, complimentary training initiative to help clients stay ahead of the curve and confidently navigate the shifting terrain. From February through April of 2026, our Workplace Legal Compliance Series will deliver timely, practical insights through: Monthly Webinars featuring FortneyScott attorneys unpacking the latest developments. DC Insider—Employer Update Podcasts offering candid analysis from Washington insiders. Real-Time Alerts on breaking regulatory changes impacting your business. This exclusive program is tailored to equip employers with the tools they need to strengthen their compliance strategies, mitigate risk, and adapt to the new enforcement priorities taking shape in 2026. Whether you're a federal contractor, a multi-state employer, or simply seeking clarity in a volatile legal environment, FortneyScott’s training series is your go-to resource for substantive updates and actionable guidance . How to Participate : Register now for the FortneyScott Workplace Legal Compliance webinars, podcast notifications and alerts: Register here for all 3 webinars (February 3, March 3 and April 9). Sign Up for notifications of new podcast episodes of DC Insider—Employer Update. Sign Up here to receive Workplace Legal Compliance alerts and updates. If you have an immediate questions or feedback, please contact any of the FortneyScott attorneys or email info@fortneyscott.com .
December 18, 2025
Join FortneyScott attorneys for a complimentary webinar on how employers should prepare for 2026 based on the significant changes in 2025. The Trump Administration begins 2026 with a quorum at the EEOC, new leadership at all the DOL agencies, and the likelihood that the NLRB quorum will be restored soon, so employers should expect aggressive action by all the workforce agencies. This session will provide critical insights into: What to expect from EEOC with its new quorum; An activated DOL, including the new Wage & Hour Division priorities, such as revisions to the Biden-era rules on white collar exemptions and joint employment; new Opinion Letters and compliance tools, how AI is being addressed, and expected developments; Whether OFCCP will survive in 2026, and changes affecting Federal contractors and grant recipients; and Practical steps employers should consider before 2026 begins. This is the final presentation in FortneyScott’s four-part Workplace Legal Compliance Webinar Series 2025, designed for in-house counsel, compliance professionals, HR leaders, and business executives.
December 18, 2025
Join FortneyScott attorneys for a timely webinar addressing the Trump Administration’s escalating enforcement efforts targeting “illegal DEI” practices among federal contractors, grant recipients, and higher education institutions. In recent months, the Administration has initiated certification demands, expanded DOJ investigations under the False Claims Act, and increased EEOC scrutiny under Title VII. This session will provide critical insights into: The latest developments in federal investigations and enforcement; DEI programs under legal challenge; and Practical steps employers—especially federal contractors and grant recipients—should take now to mitigate legal risk and ensure compliance with EEO laws. This is the third installment in FortneyScott’s four-part Workplace Legal Compliance Webinar Series, designed for in-house counsel, compliance professionals, HR leaders, and business executives.
December 10, 2025
December 18, 2025 at noon EDT CLICK HERE to Register Join FortneyScott attorneys for a complimentary webinar on how employers should prepare for 2026 based on the significant changes in 2025. The Trump Administration begins 2026 with a quorum at the EEOC, new leadership at all the DOL agencies, and the likelihood that the NLRB quorum will be restored soon, so employers should expect aggressive action by all the workforce agencies. This session will provide critical insights into: What to expect from EEOC with its new quorum; An activated DOL, including the new Wage & Hour Division priorities, such as revisions to the Biden-era rules on white collar exemptions and joint employment; new Opinion Letters and compliance tools, how AI is being addressed, and expected developments; Whether OFCCP will survive in 2026, and changes affecting Federal contractors and grant recipients; and Practical steps employers should consider before 2026 begins. This is the final presentation in FortneyScott’s four-part Workplace Legal Compliance Webinar Series 2025, designed for in-house counsel, compliance professionals, HR leaders, and business executives. To register for FortneyScott’s Workplace Legal Compliance training series, please click here .
November 19, 2025
The longest US government shutdown has ended; the House will return to Washington and Congress will resume operations; the EEOC has a quorum and can fully operate; the leadership teams for all DOL agencies now are in place; the NLRB waits to learn the fate of its Members; and, the U.S. Supreme Court will be confronting its Emergency Rulings (the “shadow docket”) in merits rulings on the regular docket in several high stakes cases. Everyone in Washington, the US, and, indeed, the whole world is watching and trying to plan their next steps. Join the Employment Law Alliance (ELA) for an engaging and timely webinar where speakers will discuss what is likely to unfold regarding the workplace and beyond. They will offer practical guidance both for US companies and those that do business with the US .
October 30, 2025
November 20, 2025 at noon EDT CLICK HERE to Register Join FortneyScott attorneys for a timely webinar addressing the Trump Administration’s escalating enforcement efforts targeting “illegal DEI” practices among federal contractors, grant recipients, and higher education institutions. In recent months, the Administration has initiated certification demands, expanded DOJ investigations under the False Claims Act, and increased EEOC scrutiny under Title VII. This session will provide critical insights into: The latest developments in federal investigations and enforcement; DEI programs under legal challenge; and Practical steps employers—especially federal contractors and grant recipients—should take now to mitigate legal risk and ensure compliance with EEO laws. This is the third installment in FortneyScott’s four-part Workplace Legal Compliance Webinar Series, designed for in-house counsel, compliance professionals, HR leaders, and business executives. To register for FortneyScott’s Workplace Legal Compliance training series, please click here .
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